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Fusion Science and Technology
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Glass strategy: Hanford’s enhanced waste glass program
The mission of the Department of Energy’s Office of River Protection (ORP) is to complete the safe cleanup of waste resulting from decades of nuclear weapons development. One of the most technologically challenging responsibilities is the safe disposition of approximately 56 million gallons of radioactive waste historically stored in 177 tanks at the Hanford Site in Washington state.
ORP has a clear incentive to reduce the overall mission duration and cost. One pathway is to develop and deploy innovative technical solutions that can advance baseline flow sheets toward higher efficiency operations while reducing identified risks without compromising safety. Vitrification is the baseline process that will convert both high-level and low-level radioactive waste at Hanford into a stable glass waste form for long-term storage and disposal.
Although vitrification is a mature technology, there are key areas where technology can further reduce operational risks, advance baseline processes to maximize waste throughput, and provide the underpinning to enhance operational flexibility; all steps in reducing mission duration and cost.
O. Tudisco, G. M. Apruzzese, P. Buratti, L. Cantarini, A. Canton, L. Carraro, V. Cocilovo, R. de Angelis, M. de Benedetti, B. Esposito, L. Gabellieri, E. Giovannozzi, G. Granucci, L. A. Grosso, G. Grosso, P. Innocente, H. Kroegler, M. Leigheb, G. Monari, D. Pacella, L. Panaccione, V. Pericoli-Ridolfini, G. Pizzicaroli, S. Podda, M. E. Puiatti, G. Rocchi, A. Sibio, A. Simonetto, P. Smeulders, U. Tartari, N. Tartoni, B. Tilia, M. Valisa, V. Zanza, M. Zerbini
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 45 | Number 3 | May 2004 | Pages 402-421
Technical Paper | Frascati Tokamak Upgrade (FTU) | doi.org/10.13182/FST04-A522
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The design of diagnostics for the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade (FTU) is challenging because of the compactness of the machine (8-cm-wide ports) and the low operating temperatures requiring the presence of a cryostat. Nevertheless, a rather complete diagnostic system has been progressively installed. The basic systems include a set of magnetic probes, various visible and ultraviolet spectrometers, electron cyclotron emission (ECE) for electron temperature profiles measurements and electron tails monitoring, far-infrared and CO2 interferometry, X-ray (soft and hard) measurements, a multichord neutron diagnostics (with different type detectors), and a Thomson scattering system. Some diagnostics specific to the FTU physics program have been used such as microwave reflectometry for turbulence studies, edge-scanning Langmuir probes for radio-frequency coupling assessment, oblique ECE, and a fast electron bremsstrahlung (FEB) camera for lower hybrid current drive-induced fast electron tails.These systems are briefly reviewed in this paper. Further developments including a scanning CO2 laser two-color interferometer, two FEB cameras for tomographic analysis, a motional Stark effect system, and a collective Thomson scattering system are also described.