ANS is committed to advancing, fostering, and promoting the development and application of nuclear sciences and technologies to benefit society.
Explore the many uses for nuclear science and its impact on energy, the environment, healthcare, food, and more.
Explore membership for yourself or for your organization.
Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
Standards Program
The Standards Committee is responsible for the development and maintenance of voluntary consensus standards that address the design, analysis, and operation of components, systems, and facilities related to the application of nuclear science and technology. Find out What’s New, check out the Standards Store, or Get Involved today!
Latest Magazine Issues
Aug 2025
Jan 2025
Latest Journal Issues
Nuclear Science and Engineering
September 2025
Nuclear Technology
Fusion Science and Technology
August 2025
Latest News
What’s in your Dubai chocolate? Nuclear scientists test pistachios for toxins
For the uninitiated, Dubai chocolate is a candy bar filled with pistachio and tahini cream and crispy pastry recently popularized by social media influencers. While it’s easy to dismiss as a viral craze now past its peak, the nutty green confection has spiked global pistachio demand, and growers and processors are ramping up production. That means more pistachios need to be tested for aflatoxins—a byproduct of a common crop mold.
Wan Yong Chon, Evan C. Kovacic, Frederick G. Hammitt
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 13 | Number 2 | June 1962 | Pages 65-74
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE62-A26135
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Cocurrent downward flow of a settled bed of particles in a liquid medium through a straight tube with a restricting orifice at the lower end was studied in connection with a “paste” type mobile fuel system developed by Atomic Power Development Associates, Inc. for a fast breeder reactor. It was found that the excess liquid flow rate around the particles, and other related physical quantities, can be satisfactorily evaluated through already existing moving bed correlations. However, in order to determine the absolute, rather than excess or relative, flow rates of both liquid and particles, a new understanding and correlation are needed by which the flow through the restricting orifice of the system can be coupled with the flow in the straight tube section above the orifice. New correlations, using two dimensionless quantities, i.e., and effluent paste density expressed as the ratio of particle flow rate to total flow rate, and an “in-orifice” modified Reynolds' number, were developed for both wetted orifice (i.e., paste discharging through an orifice into a liquid phase) and nonwetted orifices (paste discharging through an orifice into a gaseous phase). Square edge orifices were employed as well as tapered edge orifices. The ranges of the principal variables covered experimentally are as follows: particle size: 60 to 325 mesh (1.7 mils to 9.8 mils); particle density: 2.6 gm/cc to 18.9 gm/cc; liquid viscosity: 0.004 to 0.2 cm2/sec; particle flow rate: 5 to 40 cc/min; orifice diameter: 0.075 in. to 0.199 in.