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Why should safeguards by design be a global effort?
Jeremy Whitlock
I can’t think of a more exciting time to be working in nuclear, with the diversity of advanced reactor development and increasing global support for nuclear in sustainable energy planning. But we can’t lose sight of the need to plan for efficient international safeguards at the same time.
Global nuclear deployment has been underpinned since 1970 by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), making it a key customer requirement for governments to demonstrate unequivocally that the technology is not being misused for weapons development.
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has helped verify this commitment for more than 50 years, but it has never safeguarded many of the advanced reactors (and related fuel cycle processes) being developed today.
G. Giruzzi, C. Bourdelle, G. T. Hoang, F. Imbeaux, X. Litaudon, P. Maget, Y. Peysson
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 56 | Number 3 | October 2009 | Pages 1381-1416
Technical Papers | Tore Supra Special Issue | doi.org/10.13182/FST09-A9184
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Performing high-power long-duration discharges on Tore Supra has allowed us to investigate new physics at evanescent loop voltage in the situation where the current diffusion has fully taken place. Discharges with dominant noninductive current have been realized for many years, in a variety of configurations and plasma scenarios. They have allowed in-depth investigation on a number of physical phenomena governing the plasma behavior whenever the ohmic field is absent or negligible. The main results obtained in this area of research are summarized in this paper. They include, e.g., significant advances in the fast electron physics; the discovery of a new improved confinement regime (lower hybrid enhanced performance regime); the discovery of a new tokamak plasma regime with nonlinear temperature oscillations (O-regime); specific magnetohydrodynamic regimes associated with reversed safety factor profiles; investigation of the anomalous particle transport, obtained in vanishing loop voltage discharges; and the first experimental demonstration of synergy effects between electron cyclotron and lower hybrid current drive in a steady-state plasma.