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Smarter waste strategies: Helping deliver on the promise of advanced nuclear
At COP28, held in Dubai in 2023, a clear consensus emerged: Nuclear energy must be a cornerstone of the global clean energy transition. With electricity demand projected to soar as we decarbonize not just power but also industry, transport, and heat, the case for new nuclear is compelling. More than 20 countries committed to tripling global nuclear capacity by 2050. In the United States alone, the Department of Energy forecasts that the country’s current nuclear capacity could more than triple, adding 200 GW of new nuclear to the existing 95 GW by mid-century.
V. Erckmann, P. Brand, H. Braune, G. Dammertz, G. Gantenbein, W. Kasparek, H. P. Laqua, H. Maassberg, N. B. Marushchenko, G. Michel, M. Thumm, Y. Turkin, M. Weissgerber, A. Weller, W7-X ECRH Team at IPP Greifswald, W7-X ECRH Team at FZK Karlsruhe, W7-X ECRH Team at IPF Stuttgart
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 52 | Number 2 | August 2007 | Pages 291-312
Technical Paper | Electron Cyclotron Wave Physics, Technology, and Applications - Part 1 | doi.org/10.13182/FST07-A1508
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The Wendelstein 7X (W7-X) stellarator (R = 5.5 m, a = 0.55 m, B < 3.0 T), which at present is being built at Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, aims at demonstrating the inherent steady-state capability of stellarators at reactor-relevant plasma parameters. A 10-MW electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) plant with continuous-wave (cw) capability is under construction to meet the scientific objectives. The physics background of the different heating and current drive scenarios is presented. The expected plasma parameters are calculated for different transport assumptions. A newly developed ray-tracing code is used to calculate selected reference scenarios and optimize the electron cyclotron launcher and in-vessel structure. Examples are discussed, and the technological solutions for optimum wave coupling are presented. The ECRH plant consists of ten radio-frequency (rf) modules with 1 MW of power each at 140 GHz. The rf beams are transmitted to the W7-X torus (typically 60 m) via two open multibeam mirror lines with a power-handling capability, which would already satisfy the ITER requirements (24 MW). Integrated full-power, cw tests of two rf modules (gyrotrons and the related transmission line sections) are reported, and the key features of the gyrotron and transmission line technology are presented. As the physics and technology of ECRH for both W7-X and ITER have many similarities, test results from the W7-X ECRH may provide valuable input for the ITER-ECRH plant.
