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High-temperature plumbing and advanced reactors
The use of nuclear fission power and its role in impacting climate change is hotly debated. Fission advocates argue that short-term solutions would involve the rapid deployment of Gen III+ nuclear reactors, like Vogtle-3 and -4, while long-term climate change impact would rely on the creation and implementation of Gen IV reactors, “inherently safe” reactors that use passive laws of physics and chemistry rather than active controls such as valves and pumps to operate safely. While Gen IV reactors vary in many ways, one thing unites nearly all of them: the use of exotic, high-temperature coolants. These fluids, like molten salts and liquid metals, can enable reactor engineers to design much safer nuclear reactors—ultimately because the boiling point of each fluid is extremely high. Fluids that remain liquid over large temperature ranges can provide good heat transfer through many demanding conditions, all with minimal pressurization. Although the most apparent use for these fluids is advanced fission power, they have the potential to be applied to other power generation sources such as fusion, thermal storage, solar, or high-temperature process heat.1–3
Francesco Milani, Ivone Benfatto, Alexander Roshal, Inho Song, Jeff Thomsen
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 61 | Number 1 | January 2012 | Pages 83-88
Fusion | Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems | doi.org/10.13182/FST12-A13401
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
In fusion experiments, interruption units for high DC currents are widely used for generating the loop voltage required at plasma breakdown and current start-up. Likewise, similar systems are employed for the protection of superconductive coils in case of quench (i.e. a loss of superconductivity). In such event, large resistor banks are inserted in the circuits by means of circuit breakers, so as to dissipate the energy stored in the coils.The ITER experiment, the largest fusion facility ever conceived, is currently under construction in the south of France at Cadarache site and, as in the already existing fusion experiments, it will be provided with DC interruption units for plasma initiation (the Switching Network Units - SNUs) and coil quench protection (the Fast Discharge Units - FDUs).The paper, after a survey on the interruption units installed in large fusion facilities worldwide, describes the systems designed for the ITER experiment, pointing out their peculiarities and challenging issues. Then, a comparison among different solutions implemented is given, pointing out critical performances required, issues in the design of key components and possible future developments.
