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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
Kazuo Haga, Yukinori Nishizawa, Toshio Watanabe, Shinya Miyahara, Yoshiaki Himeno
Nuclear Technology | Volume 97 | Number 2 | February 1992 | Pages 177-185
Technical Paper | Nuclear Reactor Safety | doi.org/10.13182/NT92-A34614
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Two series of experiments have been conducted to obtain the gas-liquid equilibrium partition coefficient Kd and the nonequilibrium partition coefficient K’d of volatile fission products such as cesium, iodine, and tellurium between liquid sodium and the gas phase. In the equilibrium experiment, a sodium pool mixed with a fission product simulant was heated by an electric furnace, and the solvent of the vapors and aerosols trapped by filters was quantitatively analyzed. The results are as follows: 1. Cesium shows the largest Kd (20 to 100). 2. The Kd value of iodine scatters as widely as 0.02 to 0.5 at 450°C and 0.3 to 0.8 at 650°C. 3. The Kd values of cesium and iodine agree well with the theoretical ones reported by Castleman and Tang. 4. If sodium telluride, which is harder to vaporize than pure tellurium, is assumed, the measured Kd value of tellurium agrees with the theoretical.The nonequilibrium experiment in which the temperature dropped relatively sharply in the cover-gas region shows that K’d was not larger than Kd.