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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
Helen Winberg-Wang, Ivars Neretnieks, Mikko Voutilainen
Nuclear Technology | Volume 205 | Number 7 | July 2019 | Pages 964-977
Regular Technical Paper | doi.org/10.1080/00295450.2019.1573620
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Uranine is a dye commonly used in tracer experiments; it is chosen for its high visibility even at low concentrations. Uranine solutions are slightly denser than water at the same temperature. However, in laboratory experiments uranine solutions have been known to occasionally show unpredictable flow behaviors. This paper investigates the possible effect of light-induced density change to explain some of these behaviors. Uranine has a wide light absorption spectrum for visible light, which can heat the dye solution and lower its density to below that of the surrounding water, which induces buoyancy-driven flow. Simulations are made in both one dimension and two dimensions to determine the extent of the effect. The results are then compared to different experiments with unanticipated flow patterns.