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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
Seungmin Oh, Haijing Gao, Shripad T. Revankar
Nuclear Technology | Volume 158 | Number 2 | May 2007 | Pages 208-218
Technical Paper | Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics | doi.org/10.13182/NT07-A3836
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
An experimental study and best-estimate thermal-hydraulic code model assessment is performed to investigate the characteristics of the filmwise condensation with and without noncondensable gas in a passive condenser system. A vertical condenser tube is submerged in a water pool, where the heat from the condenser tube is removed through boiling heat transfer. Data are obtained for various inlet steam flow rates and noncondensable gas mass fractions at various system pressure conditions for two tube inner diameters: 26.6 and 52.5 mm. Experimental data are compared with analysis for complete condensation and flow-through conditions. Degradation of the condensation with noncondensable gas is investigated, where the condensation heat transfer coefficient decreases with the noncondensable gas. Experimental results are simulated with the RELAP5 code using two different condensation models. Code predictions are compared with experimental data, and the results indicate that there is a need for improved condensation models in RELAP5.
