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Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
Bing Tan, W. X. Tian, R. H. Chen, S. Z. Qiu, G. H. Su
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 195 | Number 8 | August 2021 | Pages 838-852
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.1080/00295639.2021.1878780
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Aiming at studying the condensate flow phenomenon and air-steam–mixture condensation heat transfer underneath a containment vessel surface, a test bench was constructed. The plate dimension was 1.5 × 0.6 m, with Carbozinc 11 coating on the surface, suspended in a pressure vessel with 2.5-m diameter and 4.5-m height. The air-steam mixture was condensed on an inclined plate through natural convection mode and jet mode. By observing flow behavior on the plate through a viewport, four basic regimes were obtained as the inclination angle gradually increased: droplet, droplet to rivulet transition, developed rivulet, and uniform film. During the experiment, we observed a steam atomization phenomenon; therefore, the model predicted better with the atomization effect considered. A simple formula from the condensation data is proposed when the air mole fraction is small. The error between the experimental results and the predicted data is within 25%.