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Commercial nuclear innovation "new space" age
In early 2006, a start-up company launched a small rocket from a tiny island in the Pacific. It exploded, showering the island with debris. A year later, a second launch attempt sent a rocket to space but failed to make orbit, burning up in the atmosphere. Another year brought a third attempt—and a third failure. The following month, in September 2008, the company used the last of its funds to launch a fourth rocket. It reached orbit, making history as the first privately funded liquid-fueled rocket to do so.
Ivan Petrovic, Pierre Benoist, Guy Marleau
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 122 | Number 2 | February 1996 | Pages 151-166
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE96-A24152
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The influence of assembly or cell heterogeneity on neutron leakage has been consistently taken into account in the TIBERE simplified heterogeneous B1 model. The assumption adopted within the TIBERE model that neutrons are specularly reflected on the boundary introduces two problems. Calculations with this model may become rather time consuming and even unnecessarily long in the case of a Canada deuterium uranium reactor cell, and the peripheral or total coolant voiding of a pressurized water reactor assembly leads to infinite leakage coefficients. These problems have been overcome by the development of another simplified heterogeneous B1 leakage model, TIBERE-2, which has quasi-isotropic reflecting boundary conditions. The TIBERE-2 model uses similar approximations as the TIBERE model and yields an iterative scheme to simultaneously compute multigroup scalar fluxes and directional currents in a heterogeneous geometry. These values enable the evaluation of directional space-dependent leakage coefficients. This new model requires the classical and directional escape and transmission probabilities in addition to the classical and directional first-flight collision probabilities calculated for an open assembly. The TIBERE-2 model has been introduced for general two-dimensional geometry into the DRAGON multigroup transport code. The numerical results obtained by DRAGON show that the TIBERE-2 model represents leakages much better than the homogeneous B1 leakage model. Moreover, the TIBERE-2 model yields results that are extremely close to those obtained by the TIBERE model with considerably shorter computing times.
