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Aerospace Nuclear Science & Technology
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Commercial nuclear innovation "new space" age
In early 2006, a start-up company launched a small rocket from a tiny island in the Pacific. It exploded, showering the island with debris. A year later, a second launch attempt sent a rocket to space but failed to make orbit, burning up in the atmosphere. Another year brought a third attempt—and a third failure. The following month, in September 2008, the company used the last of its funds to launch a fourth rocket. It reached orbit, making history as the first privately funded liquid-fueled rocket to do so.
J. K. Dickens
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 48 | Number 1 | May 1972 | Pages 78-86
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE72-A22458
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Gamma-ray spectra have been obtained for reactions involving neutron interactions with a sample of natural calcium. Gamma rays were observed which are associated with the reactions 40Ca(n,n’γ)40Ca, 40(n,pγ)40K, 40Ca(n,αγ)37Ar, and 42,44Ca. Incident neutron energies wereEn= 4.85, 5.4,6.45, 7.0, 7.5, and 8.05 MeV, and the scattering angle was θγ = 125 deg. The gamma rays were detected using a 45-cm3 coaxial Ge(Li) detector placed 100 cm from the sample; time-of-flight was used with the gamma-ray detector to discriminate against pulses due to neutrons and background gamma radiation. The sample was 20 g of natural calcium metal in the form of a right circular cylinder. The incident neutron beam was produced by bombarding a deuterium-filled gas cell with the pulsed deuteron beam of appropriate energy from the ORNL 6-MV Van de Graaff. The resulting neutron beam was monitored using a scintillation counter; a time-of-flight spectrum from this detector was recorded simultaneously with the gamma-ray data. These data have been studied to obtain absolute cross sections for production of gamma rays from calcium for the incident neutron energies. More than 50 gamma rays were correlated with transitions among the residual nuclei; these assigned gamma rays have >90% of the total gamma production cross section for En ≤ 6.45 MeV. All unplaced gamma rays have small cross sections and are most likely associated with transitions in 40K. The cross sections have been compared, where possible, with previously measured values and with results of the most recent evaluation for calcium with generally good agreement. Several important differences with previous data are discussed.