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Steam is a sign of cooling system function . . . at ITER
Steam from one of ITER’s ten induced-draft cooling cells offers visual confirmation of a successful cooling system test, the ITER organization announced April 30. ITER’s cooling system features 60 kilometers of piping with pumps, filters, and heat exchangers that can pull water through at up to 14 cubic meters per second. Once fully operational, two cooling loops—one to remove the heat generated by the plasma in the ITER tokamak and one for its supporting infrastructure—will be capable of extracting up to 1,200 MW of heat.
Emil Beták, Ewa Droste, Stefan Mikolajewski, Wojciech Ratynski, Edward Rurarz, Tadeusz Kempisty, Subramanian Raman
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 132 | Number 3 | July 1999 | Pages 295-307
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE99-A2064
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Using 14.7-MeV neutrons and gamma-ray spectroscopy with high-purity germanium detectors, the activation cross sections have been measured for the following nuclear reactions: (a) 44Ca(n,p)44K, = (39 ± 4) mb; (b) 44Ca(n,np)43K, = (3.0 ± 0.3) mb; (c) 44Ca(n,)41Ar, = (31 ± 3) mb; (d) 42Ca(n,p)42K, = (138 ± 12) mb; (e) 43Ca(n,p)43K, = (90 ± 9) mb; and (f) 48Ca(n,2n)47Ca, = (613 ± 60) mb. A 98.6% enriched 44Ca target was used for reactions (a), (b), and (c) and a natural calcium target for reactions (d), (e), and (f). These cross sections have been compared with some earlier published experimental values and with some results of calculations. The latter include those based on semiempirical formulas and those given by the preequilibrium plus compound-nucleus code GNASH. When applied to reactions (a), (d), (e), and (f), this code gives cross-section values that are consistently above the measured values.