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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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Latest News
The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
Norman R. Schulze
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 25 | Number 2 | March 1994 | Pages 182-197
Technical Paper | Fusion Reactor | doi.org/10.13182/FST94-A30267
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Space-unique fusion engine and flight system design parameters and operational principles permitting the use of fusion energy for space power and propulsion are presented. Solutions that meet those design parameters and operational principles are appropriately addressed during investigations and research on confinement designs for D-3He reactions. Once acceptable solutions have been found, space will then be an alternate customer for fusion energy. Key mission parameters are defined for consideration as advancements occur in design and testing of new confinement concepts. Power levels, thrust, firing duration, and mission quality aspects are presented. The importance of research on maintaining stability during burning while removing plasma for propulsion is considered a significant issue in making magnetic fusion reactors practical for space propulsion. Burning efficiency is important for long-duration missions. Space operation of a fusion reactor offers relief from the vacuum constraint that ground systems are required to meet, but space vehicles are mass sensitive, requiring the use of a fuel such as D-3He that produces charged particles as ash and requiring the use of compact reactors.