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Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
David L. Galbraith, Terry Kammash
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 16 | Number 1 | August 1989 | Pages 65-72
Technical Paper | Plasma Engineering | doi.org/10.13182/FST89-A29097
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Classical diffusion across magnetic fields driven by density gradients in hot plasmas is a problem that has been considered by many authors because of its application to many areas in plasma physics. In most cases, however, only particle diffusion in one-temperature plasmas has been considered. Even when the interacting species are allowed to have unequal temperatures, the energy diffusion resulting from the density gradients is not calculated. There are disagreements among existing results, even in the case of single-temperature particle diffusion. Expressions for classical particle and energy diffusion across magnetic fields for multitemperature plasmas are derived from basic principles. The results are then compared with those most often quoted in the literature.