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Why should safeguards by design be a global effort?
Jeremy Whitlock
I can’t think of a more exciting time to be working in nuclear, with the diversity of advanced reactor development and increasing global support for nuclear in sustainable energy planning. But we can’t lose sight of the need to plan for efficient international safeguards at the same time.
Global nuclear deployment has been underpinned since 1970 by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), making it a key customer requirement for governments to demonstrate unequivocally that the technology is not being misused for weapons development.
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has helped verify this commitment for more than 50 years, but it has never safeguarded many of the advanced reactors (and related fuel cycle processes) being developed today.
Hugo E. Ferrari, Ricardo Farengo
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 56 | Number 4 | November 2009 | Pages 1512-1520
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/FST09-A9254
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
We study the interaction of fusion-born particles and neutral beams (NBs) with field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasmas. The power deposited and the current generated are calculated for FRC reactors operating with the D-T and D-3He fusion reactions. In the beam studies we specify the beam energy and current, the injection point, and the impact parameter and include an ionization package to determine the position and velocity of the beam particles when they become ionized. In the case of fusion-born particles, we consider a large number of isotropic particle sources distributed inside the FRC. The plasma equilibria are obtained by solving the Grad-Shafranov equation with a pressure that contains linear and quadratic terms in the flux function. A Monte Carlo code that includes particle drag and diffusion is then employed to follow the exact trajectories of the fusion or beam particles and calculate the resulting current and deposited power. The effect of a rotating magnetic field and a toroidal field on the current and deposited power is also studied. In D-T reactors the current generated by the alpha particles is small, but the deposited power fraction is large, and NBs can produce significant currents with reasonable input powers. In D-3He reactors the fusion protons can produce large currents, but the deposited power fraction and the NB current drive efficiencies are low. A small toroidal field, compatible with high FRCs, reduces the deposited power fraction and the current.