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Can hydrogen be the transportation fuel in an otherwise nuclear economy?
Let’s face it: The global economy should be powered primarily by nuclear power. And it probably will by the end of this century, with a still-significant assist from renewables and hydro. Once nuclear systems are dominant, the costs come down to where gas is now; and when carbon emissions are reduced to a small portion of their present state, it will become obvious that most other sources are only good in niche settings. I mean, why use small modular reactors to load-follow when they can just produce that power instead of buffering it?
H. Zush et al.
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 55 | Number 2 | February 2009 | Pages 9-14
Technical Paper | Seventh International Conference on Open Magnetic Systems for Plasma Confinement | doi.org/10.13182/FST09-A6975
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Hydrogen reemission and retention from and in the inert gas plasma sprayed tungsten (IPS-W) exposed to the plasma are described. Two kinds of irradiation scenarios are investigated in continuous and cyclic exposures. In the later a recovery phase exists between plasma exposure phases, simulated to the regular tokamak discharges. The H retention at the surface temperature Ts of 600 ~ 900 K was evaluated from 4 × 1020 m-2 to 2 × 1022 m-2 at the fluence from 1 × 1024 m-2 to 1 × 1026 m-2 under continuous exposure conditions. For the cyclic exposure, two cases associated temperature variation during the cycle, large Ts > 100 K and small < 40 K, are investigated. The temperature rise Ts dependence of the reemission and retention is observed. When Ts > 100 K, the apparent reemission is triggered by both Ts and irradiation itself, and then after the exposure stops it turns to apparent retention. However, for Ts < 40 K no reemission and retention are observed in the cycle. This fact suggests that the hydrogen reemission is enhanced during the exposure via the surface recombination process depending on Ts or Ts gradient across the specimen.