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High-temperature plumbing and advanced reactors
The use of nuclear fission power and its role in impacting climate change is hotly debated. Fission advocates argue that short-term solutions would involve the rapid deployment of Gen III+ nuclear reactors, like Vogtle-3 and -4, while long-term climate change impact would rely on the creation and implementation of Gen IV reactors, “inherently safe” reactors that use passive laws of physics and chemistry rather than active controls such as valves and pumps to operate safely. While Gen IV reactors vary in many ways, one thing unites nearly all of them: the use of exotic, high-temperature coolants. These fluids, like molten salts and liquid metals, can enable reactor engineers to design much safer nuclear reactors—ultimately because the boiling point of each fluid is extremely high. Fluids that remain liquid over large temperature ranges can provide good heat transfer through many demanding conditions, all with minimal pressurization. Although the most apparent use for these fluids is advanced fission power, they have the potential to be applied to other power generation sources such as fusion, thermal storage, solar, or high-temperature process heat.1–3
K. R. Manes, M. L. Spaeth, J. J. Adams, M. W. Bowers, J. D. Bude, C. W. Carr, A. D. Conder, D. A. Cross, S. G. Demos, J. M. G. Di Nicola, S. N. Dixit, E. Feigenbaum, R. G. Finucane, G. M. Guss, M. A. Henesian, J. Honig, D. H. Kalantar, L. M. Kegelmeyer, Z. M. Liao, B. J. MacGowan, M. J. Matthews, K. P. McCandless, N. C. Mehta, P. E. Miller, R. A. Negres, M. A. Norton, M. C. Nostrand, C. D. Orth, R. A. Sacks, M. J. Shaw, L. R. Siegel, C. J. Stolz, T. I. Suratwala, J. B. Trenholme, P. J. Wegner, P. K. Whitman, C. C. Widmayer, S. T. Yang
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 69 | Number 1 | January-February 2016 | Pages 146-249
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/FST15-139
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
After every other failure mode has been considered, in the end, the high-performance limit of all lasers is set by optical damage. The demands of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) pushed lasers designed as ICF drivers into this limit from their very earliest days. The first ICF lasers were small, and their pulses were short. Their goal was to provide as much power to the target as possible. Typically, they faced damage due to high intensity on their optics. As requests for higher laser energy, longer pulse lengths, and better symmetry appeared, new kinds of damage also emerged, some of them anticipated and others unexpected. This paper will discuss the various types of damage to large optics that had to be considered, avoided to the extent possible, or otherwise managed as the National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser was designed, fabricated, and brought into operation. It has been possible for NIF to meet its requirements because of the experience gained in previous ICF systems and because NIF designers have continued to be able to avoid or manage new damage situations as they have appeared.