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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
Michael A. Fütterer, Luis A. Sedano, Luciano Giancarli, Eric Proust
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 28 | Number 3 | October 1995 | Pages 614-618
Tritium Processing | Proceedings of the Fifth Topical Meeting on Tritium Technology in Fission, Fusion, and Isotopic Applications Belgirate, Italy May 28-June 3, 1995 | doi.org/10.13182/FST95-A30471
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
In the water-cooled liquid Pb-17Li blanket concept for DEMO the limitation of tritium permeation from the breeder material into the cooling water will be required. In order to find out on what conditions this tritium permeation remains within reasonable limits, a 1-d FEM code was developed which evaluates the tritium partial pressure in Pb-17Li, the tritium inventory in the blanket material, and the tritium permeation from the Pb-17Li into the cooling water as a function of the permeation reduction factor of a barrier and the efficiency of the tritium extraction from Pb-17Li. With a parametric study the conditions were identified which allow a permeation rate of as little as 1 g·d−1 without pushing the requirements for permeation barriers and extraction efficiencies excessively far. An example is a barrier with a permeation reduction factor of 75 together with an extractor efficiency of approximately 83%. In these conditions the expected tritium inventory is attributed to approximately one third to the martensitic blanket structure (some ten grams) while two thirds will be found in the Pb-17Li. These inventory values are two orders of magnitude lower than in solid breeder blankets and are thus not considered a critical issue.