Report is made of the detection of atomic hydrogen in fractional quantum energy levels below the traditional “ground” state — hydrinos — by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and by a reinterpretation of soft X-ray emissions from the interstellar medium, Hydrino formation occurs with the release of energy on nickel cathodes during the electrolysis of aqueous potassium carbonate. The detection of a new molecular species—the diatomic hydrino molecule — by high-resolution mass spectroscopy is also reported.