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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
Chris Day, August Mack, Manfred Glugla, David K. Murdoch
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 41 | Number 3 | May 2002 | Pages 602-606
Device, Facility, and Operation | Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Tritium Science and Technology Tsukuba, Japan November 12-16, 2001 | doi.org/10.13182/FST02-A22659
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The tritium inventory of an experimental fusion reactor like ITER is determined by a broad range of influential factors. The tritium retention in the vacuum system is one important contribution to the overall tritium inventory. The high vacuum system for ITER is based on a set of cryogenic pumps, and sees the whole spectrum of tritiated gas species. The cryopumps are accumulation pumps; thus, the semi-permanent tritium inventory present in them is governed by the effectiveness of pump regeneration. Moreover, a permanent inventory background must also be envisaged. This paper delineates the staggered pump concept and a multi-stage regeneration scheme as main measures for step-wise minimisation of the tritium inventory in the high vacuum pump system and outlines the different contributions which add to it. By these methods, the 268 g of tritium inventory present after nominal long pulse operation of ITER, depending on the chosen fuelling case, can be reduced to 6 g in the pumps themselves, plus up to 100 g of codeposited tritium needing recovery clean-up.