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Commercial nuclear innovation "new space" age
In early 2006, a start-up company launched a small rocket from a tiny island in the Pacific. It exploded, showering the island with debris. A year later, a second launch attempt sent a rocket to space but failed to make orbit, burning up in the atmosphere. Another year brought a third attempt—and a third failure. The following month, in September 2008, the company used the last of its funds to launch a fourth rocket. It reached orbit, making history as the first privately funded liquid-fueled rocket to do so.
X. M. Yuan, H. G. Yang, W. W. Zhao, Q. Zhan, Y. Hu, TMT Team
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 60 | Number 3 | October 2011 | Pages 1065-1068
Contamination and Waste | Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Tritium Science and Technology | doi.org/10.13182/FST11-A12600
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
In a fusion blanket design, ceramic coating such as Al2O3, Er2O3, Y2O3, TiC, TiN and TiC/TiN etc., has been considered as a tritium permeation barrier (TPB) on structural materials (e.g. RAFMs, 316L) by many countries in the past 20 years. The Al2O3 film prepared by in-situ oxidation of the iron aluminide layer is considered one of the most attractive because of the slow-growing steady protective oxide scale and its excellent self-healing ability. In order to obtain a transition aluminide layer with a certain aluminum content and thickness on two kinds of substrates such as the Reduced Activation Ferritic/Martensitic (RAFM) and 316L stainless steel, wide research efforts have been made on the effect of different pack chemistry, temperature and time on the properties and thickness of the aluminizing layers. The results indicated that a dense and uniform coating with a thickness about 20m was formed on CLAM (a Chinese RAFM steel) and 316L substrates for the pack material with low Al content (about 32wt.%). This aluminide coating had a surface aluminum content about 40-50at.% and was mainly consisted of ductile FeAl phase. For the pack material with high Al content (about 50wt.%), the thickness and the surface aluminum content of the aluminizing coating had great increases and there were mainly brittle Fe2Al5 phase. Especially some cracks were observed across this coating on CLAM substrate due to the mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between the coating and substrate.