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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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Deep Space: The new frontier of radiation controls
In commercial nuclear power, there has always been a deliberate tension between the regulator and the utility owner. The regulator fundamentally exists to protect the worker, and the utility, to make a profit. It is a win-win balance.
From the U.S. nuclear industry has emerged a brilliantly successful occupational nuclear safety record—largely the result of an ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) process that has driven exposure rates down to what only a decade ago would have been considered unthinkable. In the U.S. nuclear industry, the system has accomplished an excellent, nearly seamless process that succeeds to the benefit of both employee and utility owner.
V. Astrelin et al.
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 59 | Number 1 | January 2011 | Pages 310-312
doi.org/10.13182/FST11-A11645
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Recent high plasma parameters were reached in experiments on plasma heating in the multi-mirror open trap GOL-3. In these experiments deuterium plasma with density 1014–1016 cm-3 in the 12-m trap with corrugated magnetic field of 4.8T/3.2T was heated by a relativistic electron beam of eU 0.8 MeV, I 20 kA, j ~ 1–2 kA/cm2, pulse duration ~9 s and angular spread 0.2 rad. The electron temperature Te ~ 1–4 keV and ion one to Ti ~ 1–2 keV were reached. After the beam pulse the electron temperature of the plasma quickly (~20 s) decreased to -100 eV. In turn, this leads to an increase in the rate of cooling of ions through the ion-electron collisions, which, together with particle losses determines the energy confinement time of plasma as 0.5–1 ms.To increase the plasma parameters a prolonged heating of the plasma by the electron beam is proposed. The paper considers basic physical phenomena in the beam-plasma interaction and required parameters of the long pulse beam. A choice of long pulse beam parameters is based on the obtained experimental results and scalings. Then estimates of the expected plasma parameters under the influence of the new beam have been done.
