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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
D. Ene, J.-C. David, D. Doré, B. Rapp, D. Ridikas
Nuclear Technology | Volume 168 | Number 2 | November 2009 | Pages 513-518
Shielding | Special Issue on the 11th International Conference on Radiation Shielding and the 15th Topical Meeting of the Radiation Protection and Shielding Division (Part 2) / Accelerators | doi.org/10.13182/NT09-A9235
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The purpose of this safety study, carried out within the EURISOL Design Study, was to characterize the radiation environment and design the appropriate shielding of the new-generation radioactive ion beam postaccelerator. Both variants of linac layouts - without stripper (L#1) and with stripper (L#2) - were analyzed using the 132Sn25+ radioactive beam of unprecedented intensity, namely, up to [approximately]1013 particles/s, as reference for simulations. In this work two scenarios were analyzed: (a) an accidental full beam loss during 1 s every day and (b) continuous beam loss of 10-4 m-1 , representing normal operation conditions. Representative loss positions along the accelerator at variable energies of 21, 45.5, 76, 115, and 150 MeVu-1 were investigated. The lost ions were assumed to strike a stopping copper target. Dedicated simulations were performed by means of the PHITS code. The induced radioactivity in the accelerator components, concrete walls, and air inside the tunnel were estimated using the DCHAIN-SP-2001 code based on an external neutron source and spallation products derived from PHITS. Ambient dose equivalent rates due to the residual radiation were calculated with the MCNPX code using photon sources resulting from DCHAIN. The effect of implanted radioactive ions at low energies in the accelerator structure was also assessed.