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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Jeffrey W. Lane, L. E. Hochreiter, D. L. Aumiller, Jr., R. J. Kushner
Nuclear Technology | Volume 161 | Number 3 | March 2008 | Pages 277-285
Technical Paper | Thermal Hydraulics | doi.org/10.13182/NT08-A3926
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
RELAP5-3D currently calculates two-phase pump degradation using the Aerojet Nuclear Corporation (ANC) model. This is an empirical model that relates two-phase pump performance to single-phase pump performance using a set of two-phase degradation multipliers, which are only a function of void fraction. The purpose of the present work was to assess the two-phase pump degradation model in RELAP5-3D and various sets of user-supplied two-phase degradation multipliers by modeling a full-scale, two-phase pump test facility and comparing the simulated results to experimental data. Tests conducted by Ontario Hydro Technologies (OHT) using a full-size CANDU reactor primary heat transport pump were used for this assessment. Presently, this work represents the only RELAP5-3D analysis of these tests that has been performed.The experimental data from the OHT tests and results of this assessment both indicate that there is a pressure effect, in addition to void fraction, that cannot be neglected by safety analysis codes when predicting two-phase pump performance. The RELAP5-3D results showed that the widely used Semiscale two-phase head degradation multipliers did a poor job of predicting the experimental data and utilizing pressure-specific two-phase head degradation multipliers developed by OHT significantly improved code-to-data agreement. These results identify both the inaccuracies of using the Semiscale two-phase degradation multipliers and a weakness in the present formulation of the ANC model. As a result of this work, the Idaho National Laboratory recognized the need to include a pressure dependence in the RELAP5-3D calculation of two-phase pump performance, and this capability will be available in the next release of the code.