The Fenton process has emerged as a promising technology for treating liquid radioactive waste, leveraging its ability to degrade organic pollutants. This review provides a comprehensive examination of Fenton oxidation for liquid radioactive waste management, encompassing recent advancements, parameter optimization, and process modifications. The discussion explores mechanisms and kinetics, catalyst development, optimal reaction conditions, and integration with complementary technologies and scalability challenges. Recent findings highlight the potential of modified Fenton processes, such as solar-driven Fenton and electro-Fenton, for enhanced degradation efficiency and reduced energy consumption. This review critically assesses existing studies to inform future directions for improving process efficacy, minimizing secondary waste generation, and ensuring safe handling of liquid radioactive waste.