The SOPHIA code is a graphical processing unit (GPU)–based smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) framework for fundamental nuclear thermal-hydraulic and safety applications developed by Seoul National University. Focusing on particle-based SPH methods, the SOPHIA code provides capabilities for computational fluid dynamics–level analysis in addressing complex multiphase and multiphysics issues related to severe accidents and reactor safety. Since the SPH method requires high computational cost due to the nature of the particle-based method, the SOPHIA code was parallelized with multiple GPUs. However, using multiple GPUs may cause load imbalance as particles migrate between GPUs, which degrades performance.

In this study, we developed a dynamic load-balancing algorithm to increase computational efficiency by reducing the load imbalance. Additionally, a novel cumulative time comparison approach is proposed as a criterion for adjusting boundaries between GPUs, ensuring low load imbalance. To evaluate the performance of the algorithm, three-dimensional dam-break simulations were conducted. The results demonstrated enhanced computational efficiency and equitable load distribution among GPUs compared to using fixed subdomains. Additionally, the developed algorithm was utilized to analyze the VULCANO VE-U7 experiment, and the results were well aligned with the experimental data. Therefore, the practical applicability of the proposed dynamic load-balancing algorithm in nuclear safety analyses has been confirmed.