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Norway’s Halden reactor takes first step toward decommissioning
The government of Norway has granted the transfer of the Halden research reactor from the Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) to the state agency Norwegian Nuclear Decommissioning (NND). The 25-MWt Halden boiling water reactor operated from 1958 to 2018 and was used in the research of nuclear fuel, reactor internals, plant procedures and monitoring, and human factors.
Atsuhiko Terada, Ryuji Nagaishi
Nuclear Technology | Volume 210 | Number 10 | October 2024 | Pages 1871-1887
Research Article | doi.org/10.1080/00295450.2024.2302747
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
In order to understand the dispersion of hydrogen (H2) leaked in packed beds of nonporous/porous particles in a partially open space practically, the dispersion of H2 in the particle layers of glass beads and soil was analytically studied using a computational fluid dynamics code to be compared with the experiments and to elucidate the effects of the particle layer. The packed beds in the partially open space can be considered as a basic model for all processes of transfer, treatment, storage, and disposal of radioactive materials containing fuel debris in the decommissioning of nuclear facilities after a severe accident.
The H2 flowing out from a single leak point in the particle layer of nonporous glass beads was affected by buoyancy around the leak point and diffused directly above the leak point in an elliptical shape faster than in the horizontal direction. After that, when it reached the air layer in the head space above the particle layer, the H2 spread horizontally, formed a large concentration gradient near the boundary between the particle layer and the air layer, and further diffused in the air layer until the H2 concentration became about 1/3 or less of the concentration near the surface of the particle layer. When the particle diameters were 512 μm and 1200 μm, this tendency was more pronounced when the porosity was the same and the particle diameter was smaller.
The calculations largely reproduced the experimental concentration distributions. When the particle layer was porous decomposed granite soil, the diffusion behavior of H2 in the particle layer proceeded in the same manner as in the case of the glass beads. However, a large concentration gradient was formed near the boundary between the particle layer and the air layer, and then H2 diffused in the air layer until the H2 concentration became below the lower combustion limit. It was suggested through sensitivity analysis that the air permeability coefficient had a large effect on the time course of the H2 concentration distribution.
Based on this information, we further simulated H2 behavior in the vessel containing the H2 leaked particle layer. By inserting multiple vent pipes without considering H2 generation distribution and particle properties in the particle layer, H2 accumulated from one pipe was discharged by buoyancy without depending on the H2 generation distribution and particle properties in the particle layer and air flowed in from the other pipe. It was suggested that such a natural ventilation process would reduce the H2 concentration in the container.