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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
Michio Murase, Yoichi Utanohara
Nuclear Technology | Volume 209 | Number 7 | July 2023 | Pages 1086-1100
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.1080/00295450.2023.2175598
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of superheat on wall condensation from a steam and air mixture. We previously measured the radial and axial temperature profiles of a superheated steam-air mixture in a vertical pipe with a diameter of 49.5 mm and a cooling height of 610 mm. In this study, we carried out a numerical simulation for the previous measurements by using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code FLUENT, and evaluated the profiles of the mixture temperature Tg and steam mass fraction Xs. The profiles of Tg and the saturated temperature Ts obtained from Xs agreed well with those measured with superheated and saturated conditions, respectively. The validity of the correlation to evaluate a condensation heat flux qc (which was based on the gradient of Xs) was confirmed. Profiles of the dimensionless velocity u+, temperature T+, and steam mass fraction Ys+ were obtained, and they were compared with wall functions (i.e., the linear function for a viscous sublayer and the logarithmic law for a turbulent layer). The computed profile agreed with the wall function for u+, agreed relatively well with the wall function for T+, and agreed well with the correlation for Ys+ obtained from data measured with saturated steam-air conditions in the region of the turbulent layer.
