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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Helen Winberg-Wang, Ivars Neretnieks
Nuclear Technology | Volume 206 | Number 10 | October 2020 | Pages 1553-1565
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.1080/00295450.2020.1712951
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
An experiment with a vertical slot with horizontally seeping water with a dye diffusing from below was performed to help validate and visualize the Q-equivalent model, which describes the mass transfer rate from a source into flowing water, such as that in a repository for nuclear waste. The Q-equivalent model is used for quantifying mass transport in geological repositories. However, the tracer propagated much slower and to a lesser extent than predicted by the model. It was found that the tracer gave rise to a small density gradient that induced buoyancy-driven flow, overwhelming that driven by the horizontal hydraulic gradient. This dramatically changed the mass transfer from the dye source into the water in the slot. For the release of contaminants, this can have detrimental as well as beneficial effects, depending on whether positive or negative buoyancy is induced. These observations led to an analysis of when and how density differences in a repository can influence the release and further fate of escaping radionuclides in waste repositories. This and other experiments also showed that laboratory experiments aimed at visualizing flow and mass transfer processes in fractures could be very sensitive to the heating of the dye tracers by the lighting in the laboratory.