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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
J. W. Lane, J. M. Link, J. M. King, T. L. George, S. W. Claybrook
Nuclear Technology | Volume 206 | Number 7 | July 2020 | Pages 1019-1035
Regular Technical Paper | doi.org/10.1080/00295450.2019.1698896
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
GOTHIC™ has been used to simulate the Experimental Breeder Reactor–II (EBR-II) Shutdown Heat Removal Test 17 (SHRT-17) and Shutdown Heat Removal Test 45R (SHRT-45R), which correspond to protected and unprotected loss-of-flow events, respectively. GOTHIC is a versatile general-purpose, thermal-hydraulic software package that is a hybrid between traditional system thermal-hydraulic and computational fluid dynamics codes. It is a practical engineering tool that has been used for the design and licensing of existing plants, small modular reactors (SMRs), and next-generation plant designs. Historically, the software has been applied for containment analysis and operability assessments for light water reactors (LWRs), but the recent improvements included in GOTHIC 8.3(QA) allow for the software to be used to simulate advanced, non-LWR concepts currently being developed such as sodium, molten salt, lead, and gas–cooled designs.
It will be demonstrated in this paper that GOTHIC includes both the required attributes to model EBR-II and the appropriate physics to accurately simulate the steady-state operating conditions as well as SHRT-17 and SHRT-45R. The GOTHIC model of EBR-II was developed using only publicly available information. The nodalization was selected not only to capture the important phenomena but also to remain computationally efficient. The GOTHIC results show good agreement in both magnitude and trend with the experimental data. Differences are within the bounds of experimental uncertainty and required engineering assumptions applied in the model to fill in gaps in information, particularly for the various leakage paths that existed throughout the primary side of EBR-II, and were not well characterized during the tests.