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High-temperature plumbing and advanced reactors
The use of nuclear fission power and its role in impacting climate change is hotly debated. Fission advocates argue that short-term solutions would involve the rapid deployment of Gen III+ nuclear reactors, like Vogtle-3 and -4, while long-term climate change impact would rely on the creation and implementation of Gen IV reactors, “inherently safe” reactors that use passive laws of physics and chemistry rather than active controls such as valves and pumps to operate safely. While Gen IV reactors vary in many ways, one thing unites nearly all of them: the use of exotic, high-temperature coolants. These fluids, like molten salts and liquid metals, can enable reactor engineers to design much safer nuclear reactors—ultimately because the boiling point of each fluid is extremely high. Fluids that remain liquid over large temperature ranges can provide good heat transfer through many demanding conditions, all with minimal pressurization. Although the most apparent use for these fluids is advanced fission power, they have the potential to be applied to other power generation sources such as fusion, thermal storage, solar, or high-temperature process heat.1–3
Toshiya Takaki, Michio Murase, Koji Nishida, Raito Goda, Takeyuki Shimamura, Akio Tomiyama
Nuclear Technology | Volume 206 | Number 3 | March 2020 | Pages 389-400
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.1080/00295450.2019.1656521
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
In our previous study, we measured the void fraction α, pressure gradient dP/dz, and countercurrent flow limitation in a vertical circular pipe (diameter D = 20 mm) under flooding conditions at the square top end and working fluids of air and water to obtain the wall friction factor fw and the interfacial friction factor fi based on the annular flow model. The thickness of the falling liquid film δ obtained from the measured α was relatively well expressed by the correlation for the free-falling film, and the obtained fw was well expressed by the Fanning friction factor f for a circular pipe. Measurements of α in vertical pipes under flooding conditions are few. In this study, therefore, we evaluated α and δ from the measured dP/dz under flooding at the square top end reported by Bharathan et al. with D = 50.8 mm and air-water and by Ilyukhin et al. with D = 20 mm and working fluids of steam and water at pressures of P = 0.6 to 4.1 MPa. As a result, we found that δ obtained from the measured dP/dz and the correlation of fw = f were well correlated in terms of the liquid Reynolds number ReL. The obtained δ was well expressed by the Nusselt’s correlation for the free-falling film in the region of laminar flows, but the obtained δ was larger than the Feind’s correlation for the free-falling film in the region of turbulent flows due to the interfacial friction. We also discussed effects of the diameter and fluid properties on the interfacial friction factor fi.