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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Faten N. Al Zubaidi, Kyle L. Walton, Robert V. Tompson, Tushar K. Ghosh, Sudarshan K. Loyalka
Nuclear Technology | Volume 205 | Number 6 | June 2019 | Pages 790-800
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.1080/00295450.2018.1542257
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The effect of long-term oxidation on the total hemispherical emissivity of Type 316L stainless steel (SS 316L) is of interest in nuclear plant safety and is reported on here. ASTM standard C835-06 [American Society for Testing and Materials, 2006] was used for measuring the total hemispherical emissivity of this material for the following surface conditions: (1) “as-received” from the manufacturer (essentially unoxidized) and (2) oxidized in air at 573 K for up to 3000 h. The emissivity of the as-received samples varied within the range from 0.24 at 434 K to 0.34 at 1026 K. Oxidation in air at 573 K for 500 h increased the emissivity range of the oxidized sample from 0.28 at 429 K to 0.38 at 1096 K. There was no further significant change in emissivity observed following an increase in the oxidation time from 500 to 3000 h. It is suspected that the emissivity ceased to increase during the additional oxidation time because of chromium oxide that formed on the SS 316L surface inhibiting further oxidation.