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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
Hirokazu Ohta, Takanari Ogata, Takeshi Yokoo, Michel Ougier, Jean-Paul Glatz, Bruno Fontaine, Laurent Breton
Nuclear Technology | Volume 165 | Number 1 | January 2009 | Pages 96-110
Technical Paper | Materials for Nuclear Systems | doi.org/10.13182/NT09-A4063
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Fast reactor metal fuels containing minor actinides (MAs) Np, Am, and Cm and/or rare earths (REs) have been irradiated in the fast reactor PHÉNIX to examine the effects of adding those elements on metal fuel irradiation behavior. In this experiment, two MA-containing metal fuel pins, in which the test alloys U-19Pu-10Zr-2MA-2RE and U-19Pu-10Zr-5MA/U-19Pu-10Zr-5MA-5RE (wt%) were loaded into part of a standard U-19Pu-10Zr alloy fuel stack, and a reference fuel pin of U-19Pu-10Zr alloy without MAs or REs was set in an irradiation capsule. Two other capsules with this same configuration are also irradiated. Postirradiation examinations are conducted at ~2.5, ~7, and ~11 at.% burnup. For the low-burnup fuel pins, nondestructive tests after irradiation have been performed, and the integrity of the pins was confirmed. The irradiation behavior of MA-containing metal fuels up to 2.5 at.% burnup was analyzed using the ALFUS code. The calculation results, such as the axial swelling distribution of a fuel slug or the extrusion behavior of bond sodium to the gas plenum, are consistent with the measurement data regardless of the addition of MAs and REs to the U-Pu-Zr alloy fuels. This observation result indicates that the macroscopic irradiation behavior of U-Pu-Zr fuels containing MAs and REs of 5 wt% or less is similar to that of U-Pu-Zr fuels up to ~2.5 at.% burnup.