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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Staffan Qvist
Nuclear Technology | Volume 190 | Number 1 | April 2015 | Pages 11-27
Technical Paper | Fission Reactors | doi.org/10.13182/NT14-30
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
In this study, the characteristics of changes in reactivity due to increasing burnup of uranium-fueled fast reactors are analyzed. A new classification system for nuclear reactor cores based on their uncontrolled tendency for reactivity changes during burnup was introduced and the design-optimization strategy for any fast reactor core aimed at a minimized reactivity swing is outlined. The 235U feed-fuel enrichment level that minimizes the burnup reactivity swing of a sodium-cooled metallic-fueled core is 10% to 12.5% for an average target fuel burnup of 1% to 20% FIMA (fission of initial metal atom). The higher the target burnup of the system, the lower the feed-fuel enrichment level that minimizes swing. The minimum attainable swing for a 125-MW(thermal) metallic-fueled sodium-cooled core is found to be ∼200 pcm for 5% FIMA burnup and increases to ∼800 pcm for a system aiming at 10% FIMA. In general, if the target discharge burnup is doubled, the minimum attainable burnup reactivity swing quadruples. Any optimized minimum reactivity swing core will form a positive parabolic uncontrolled reactivity trajectory with burnup, where the beginning of cycle and end of cycle reactivities are equal. Uranium-fueled fast cores with minimized burnup reactivity swing are net consumers of fissile material, with a fissile conversion ratio in the range of 0.7 to 0.9.