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Chicago, IL|Chicago Marriott Downtown
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Smarter waste strategies: Helping deliver on the promise of advanced nuclear
At COP28, held in Dubai in 2023, a clear consensus emerged: Nuclear energy must be a cornerstone of the global clean energy transition. With electricity demand projected to soar as we decarbonize not just power but also industry, transport, and heat, the case for new nuclear is compelling. More than 20 countries committed to tripling global nuclear capacity by 2050. In the United States alone, the Department of Energy forecasts that the country’s current nuclear capacity could more than triple, adding 200 GW of new nuclear to the existing 95 GW by mid-century.
O. Graf, A. Bayer
Nuclear Technology | Volume 96 | Number 1 | October 1991 | Pages 50-71
Technical Paper | Nuclear Safety | doi.org/10.13182/NT91-A35533
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Realistic probabilistic safety assessment and risk studies for nuclear power facilities and for emergency planning call for detailed knowledge of the shielding properties of buildings. The investigations described here focus on the building types encountered in central Europe, with its high population density. The necessary dose rate calculations are performed with a new combination of the point kernel integration technique (the QAD-CG-E code) and the Sn transport method (the DOT 4.2 code). This procedure seems to be optimal for irregular three-dimensional shielding structures, providing good accuracy and performing a great number of individual calculations. The validity and accuracy of the procedure are checked by Monte Carlo calculations (the SAM-CE code) and by recalculating a U.S. shielding experiment. The evaluation of literature and the examination of data led to a list of 12 building types representative of those in central Europe. The geometries of the buildings are composed of ∼150 to 300 basic geometrical bodies. This is the input for the QAD-CG-E computer code (i.e., combinatorial geometry). Shielding calculations are performed for these 12 building types assuming contamination by 137Cs. The high-rise apartment and row house building types show a good shielding efficiency (a shielding factor <0.1), while the bungalow and prefabricated house offer the lowest shielding value (a shielding factor of 0.3). The other building types have a mean shielding factor value of 0.1. Additional calculations with 131I and 140La show the influence of the gamma energy on the shielding factor. Moreover, gamma fields or spatial dose rate distributions are calculated for a semidetached house, a prefabricated house, and a high rise. The results are presented by isodose lines drawn through vertical and horizontal cross sections of the buildings.
