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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
Sergey I. Belousov, Krassimira D. Ilieva, Stoyan Y. Antonov
Nuclear Technology | Volume 111 | Number 2 | August 1995 | Pages 270-274
Technical Paper | Nuclear Criticality Safety Special / Material | doi.org/10.13182/NT95-A35136
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The neutron flux values at the sites important for the pressure vessels of the VVER-1000 and VVER-440 reactors have been calculated by the three-dimensional TORT code and the synthesis method approximation. The synthesis method is widely used now for neutron fluence routine calculations in metal embrittlement surveillance. The three-dimensional neutron flux evaluation by the synthesis method is based on the two-dimensional and one-dimensional solutions of the transport equation. The comparison of the results obtained by both methods confirms the good consistency within 3% for integral neutron flux with energy >0.5 MeV, used for metal damage estimation, according to Russian reactor standards. Further investigations on the calculation validity will be based on comparisons with measurements of the threshold detector activities, monitored in the air shell behind the reactor pressure vessels of the Kozloduy nuclear power plant.