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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
Nien-Mien Chung, Wei-Keng Lin, Bau-Shei Pei, Dong-Jye Li, Yih-Yun Hsu†
Nuclear Technology | Volume 99 | Number 2 | August 1992 | Pages 258-267
Technical Paper | Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow | doi.org/10.13182/NT92-A34696
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Wave propagation of low-void-fraction, two-phase bubbly flow is analyzed from the compressibility of a bubble and an assumption of homogeneity for steam bubbles. The phase velocity and attenuation calculated from the model are strongly dependent on frequency. The equilibrium sound velocity is derived for the limiting case as frequency approaches zero. The second resonance of a vapor bubble is also discussed. In addition, the void fraction, bubble size, and noncondens-able gas effects are also analyzed in the model. The relationship between sound velocity and interfacial area density is derived, and a new method to measure interfacial area is proposed.