ANS is committed to advancing, fostering, and promoting the development and application of nuclear sciences and technologies to benefit society.
Explore the many uses for nuclear science and its impact on energy, the environment, healthcare, food, and more.
Explore membership for yourself or for your organization.
Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
Standards Program
The Standards Committee is responsible for the development and maintenance of voluntary consensus standards that address the design, analysis, and operation of components, systems, and facilities related to the application of nuclear science and technology. Find out What’s New, check out the Standards Store, or Get Involved today!
Latest Magazine Issues
Jul 2025
Jan 2025
Latest Journal Issues
Nuclear Science and Engineering
September 2025
Nuclear Technology
August 2025
Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
Efigenio Cubillos-Moreno, Mohamed Belhadj, Tunc Aldemir
Nuclear Technology | Volume 98 | Number 3 | June 1992 | Pages 333-348
Technical Paper | Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow | doi.org/10.13182/NT92-A34663
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The heat flux that leads to onset of nucleate boiling qONB is an important quantity for plate-type research reactors since it is frequently used as a thermal design constraint and also indicates the transition point from single- to two-phase heat removal in transient analyses. Recent experimental work has shown that qONB can be sensitive to both channel gap size d and flow velocity v under laminar, upward flow conditions that are encountered in such reactors under naturalconvection core cooling. New experimental data are presented to test the validity of the correlation proposed from the results of the previous work in extended d and local pressure p ranges. The correlation predicts the new experimental data for mixed or pure buoyancy-driven upward flows in 2.0 ≤ d ≤ 5.0 mm channels with 0.03 ≤ v ≤ 0.16 m/s and 1.05 × 105 ≤ p ≤ 1.70 × 105 Pa within 25%. The new d range covers almost all the existing and planned plate-type research reactors. The p range extends the applicability of the correlation to the analysis of a number of accident scenarios in open-pool reactors with power levels up to 5 to 10 MW, such as partial loss of pool water or coolant pump trip. The pressure range is also relevant to the analysis of similar accidents in higher power pressurized systems if the accident is accompanied by system depressurization. In the implementation of the correlation for such analyses, it is important to note that the correlation implicitly assumes that the wall superheat is nonnegative.
