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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
Kazuo Haga, Yukinori Nishizawa, Toshio Watanabe, Shinya Miyahara, Yoshiaki Himeno
Nuclear Technology | Volume 97 | Number 2 | February 1992 | Pages 177-185
Technical Paper | Nuclear Reactor Safety | doi.org/10.13182/NT92-A34614
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Two series of experiments have been conducted to obtain the gas-liquid equilibrium partition coefficient Kd and the nonequilibrium partition coefficient K’d of volatile fission products such as cesium, iodine, and tellurium between liquid sodium and the gas phase. In the equilibrium experiment, a sodium pool mixed with a fission product simulant was heated by an electric furnace, and the solvent of the vapors and aerosols trapped by filters was quantitatively analyzed. The results are as follows: 1. Cesium shows the largest Kd (20 to 100). 2. The Kd value of iodine scatters as widely as 0.02 to 0.5 at 450°C and 0.3 to 0.8 at 650°C. 3. The Kd values of cesium and iodine agree well with the theoretical ones reported by Castleman and Tang. 4. If sodium telluride, which is harder to vaporize than pure tellurium, is assumed, the measured Kd value of tellurium agrees with the theoretical.The nonequilibrium experiment in which the temperature dropped relatively sharply in the cover-gas region shows that K’d was not larger than Kd.