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Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The Standards Committee is responsible for the development and maintenance of voluntary consensus standards that address the design, analysis, and operation of components, systems, and facilities related to the application of nuclear science and technology. Find out What’s New, check out the Standards Store, or Get Involved today!
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Deep Space: The new frontier of radiation controls
In commercial nuclear power, there has always been a deliberate tension between the regulator and the utility owner. The regulator fundamentally exists to protect the worker, and the utility, to make a profit. It is a win-win balance.
From the U.S. nuclear industry has emerged a brilliantly successful occupational nuclear safety record—largely the result of an ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) process that has driven exposure rates down to what only a decade ago would have been considered unthinkable. In the U.S. nuclear industry, the system has accomplished an excellent, nearly seamless process that succeeds to the benefit of both employee and utility owner.
Donald G. Schweitzer, Cesar A. Sastre
Nuclear Technology | Volume 86 | Number 3 | September 1989 | Pages 305-312
Technical Paper | Radioactive Waste Management | doi.org/10.13182/NT89-A34298
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
At present, only one concept, the Swedish design utilizing a thick-walled copper waste package, has been accepted as being capable of isolating high-level waste for hundreds of thousands of years in a granite-type repository. Theoretical arguments show that after the relatively short times required for salt consolidation selfshielded thin-walled copper waste packages have no significant failure or degradation reactions in anoxic neutral and acid brines. Thermodynamic analyses of reactions after consolidation (constant-volume reactions under lithostatic pressures in the absence of oxygen) show that miniscule amounts of metal reacting with brine can produce very large hydrogen pressures. For copper waste packages, almost no consumption of copper is required to produce the small equilibrium hydrogen pressure needed to prevent reaction. Reaction under these conditions no longer depends on poorly understood corrosion mechanisms, but results from hypothetical mechanisms that allow the equilibrium hydrogen to migrate away from the waste package. Analyses of gamma radiolysis and diffusion processes show that in an array of thousands of waste packages removal of hydrogen from the outer packages should be negligible for a properly selected salt repository.