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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
David J. Chaiko, George F. Vandegrift
Nuclear Technology | Volume 82 | Number 1 | July 1988 | Pages 52-59
Technical Paper | Chemical Processing | doi.org/10.13182/NT88-A34116
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A thermodynamic model is presented for nitric acid extraction by tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP). This model is based on the formation of the organic phase species: TBP·HNO3 and (TBP)2.·HNO3. The model works successfully at TBP concentrations of 5 to 100 vol% and was found to be effective at predicting the extraction of HNO3 from HNO3/NaNO3 and HNO3/ LiNO3 solutions. Within the TBP concentration range of 5 to 30%, a single set of extraction constants was sufficient to fit extraction data. Stoichiometric activity coefficients of nitric acid in HNO3/NaNO3 and HNO3/LiNO3 mixtures were calculated using a model developed by Bromley.
