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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
Alireza Sedaghat, Frank S. Castellana, Robert H. Hsu, Robert B. Macduff
Nuclear Technology | Volume 80 | Number 3 | March 1988 | Pages 360-370
Technical Paper | Fission Reactor | doi.org/10.13182/NT88-A34060
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Diversion cross flow was characterized from a two-subchannel simulation of a nuclear fuel assembly using a gamma camera. The gamma camera allowed external monitoring over the length of the test assembly, thereby eliminating experimental problems associated with flow partitioning and an isokinetic withdrawal system, allowing the possibility of noninvasive measurement. The experiment was performed by providing fixed but different flow rates to each subchannel. The higher mass flow rate stream was traced with a gamma-emitting radionuclide, 99mTc pertechnetate. Activity in each subchannel was measured by the camera. Diversion length was found to be relatively small and strongly dependent on gap spacing. Effective lateral velocity through the gap was also evaluated. With some exceptions, the results were in good agreement with the predictions of the subchannel analysis computer code COBRA IIIC. At a high inlet axial mass velocity ratio of 4, however, the agreement with the prediction was poor.