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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
Philipp Schmuck
Nuclear Technology | Volume 71 | Number 1 | October 1985 | Pages 314-325
Technical Paper | Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow | doi.org/10.13182/NT85-A33729
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
An efficient and simple method to compute one-dimensional steady-state and transient turbulent single-phase flows across singularities (e.g., sudden contractions or expansions in ducted flows) is presented. This method accounts for the effective inertia of a fluid at a constriction and the irreversible pressure losses caused by recirculation zones generated near a singularity. For selected singularities of technical interest, algebraic expressions for the equivalent inertia lengths and the hydraulic resistance coefficients are presented. The implementation of the method into one-, two-, and three-dimensional numerical fluid dynamics codes is explained and the limitations of the method are discussed. The method is also extended to two-phase flow where additional flow parameters characterizing the momentum exchange between the phases play a role.