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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
Ronald J. Lipinski, John E. Gronager, Michel Schwarz
Nuclear Technology | Volume 58 | Number 3 | September 1982 | Pages 369-378
Technical Paper | Fission Reactor | doi.org/10.13182/NT82-A32972
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Received November 3, 1981 Accepted for Publication Feburary 24, 1982 The results of a fission-heated sodium-U02 particle bed heat removal experiment (D-4) are presented and the effects of cooling the overlying sodium below saturation are discussed. Single-phase convection began at a Rayleigh number an order of magnitude smaller than for water. Bed disturbances were observed to occur at the onset of boiling, but only after a previous boiling cycle. The disturbances are believed to be due to the flashing of superheated liquid sodium after noncondensable gases had been removed during a previous boiling cycle. The start of bed dryout was observed with two different overlying sodium temperatures (300 and 600°C). The dryout power was 0.77 kW/kg with 300°C overlying sodium (and 29 kPa pressure) and 3.58 kW/kg with 600°C sodium (and 43 kPa). It is believed that cold overlying sodium reduces the large heat-removal capability of shallow beds by causing vapor condensation within the bed and suppressing channel formation. Steady-state temperatures above the boiling temperature were observed at the bed bottom for several power levels above the incipient dryout power, indicating stable dry zones.