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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
Paul Robershotte, Peter Griffith
Nuclear Technology | Volume 56 | Number 1 | January 1982 | Pages 134-140
Technical Paper | Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow | doi.org/10.13182/NT82-A32889
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Post-critical heat flux heat transfer data for water in downflow have been obtained for the following conditions: mass velocity, 48.8 to 147 kg/s·m2; wall temperature, 538 to 760°C; pressure, 1.3 to 2.6 bars; quality, 4.1 to +5.8%; tube diameter, 1.25 cm; and tube length, 66 cm. At low mass velocity, a frozen equilibrium model predicts the data well. At high mass velocity, droplet-vapor heat transfer is good enough so that a homogeneous equilibrium model predicts the data. Under no circumstances is droplet-wall heat transfer significant. When the vapor is in laminar flow, the heat transfer is particularly poor and the radiant heat transfer becomes a significant fraction of the total.