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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
P. C. Fung, G. W. Bird, N. S. Mcintyre, G. G. Sanipelli, V. J. Lopata
Nuclear Technology | Volume 51 | Number 2 | December 1980 | Pages 188-196
Technical Paper | Argonne National Laboratory Specialists’ Workshop on Basic Research Needs for Nuclear Waste Management / Radioactive Waste | doi.org/10.13182/NT80-A32600
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The rate of sodium and potassium released from an alkali feldspar reacting with an aqueous solution varied with time. After an initial rapid exchange of alkalis for H+, dissolution rate decreased gradually, following in sequence, exponential, parabolic, and linear kinetics. Silicon was not released in the earlier stages but subsequently behaved very similarly to the alkalis. Aluminum behaved very similarly to the alkalis at the early stages but quickly reached saturation. Under an inert atmosphere, the pH of the solution was buffered at 8 to 10 after the initial sharp rise during the ion exchange stage. Dissolution occurred preferentially along crystal imperfections such as fractures, fluid inclusions, and grain boundaries rather than uniformly throughout the entire surface. The surface of a feldspar dissolved incongruently for the first few days of reaction but dissolved congruently thereafter. Clusters of precipitates occurred as discrete growths covering only small parts of the surface and were unlikely to retard dissolution.