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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
T. V. Krishnan
Nuclear Technology | Volume 49 | Number 1 | June 1980 | Pages 159-164
Technical Paper | Nuclear Power Reactor Safety / Instrument | doi.org/10.13182/NT80-A32517
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Intensities observed from any sample can be reduced to any desired matrix by using interference free off-peak background as an internal standard. The normalized count IN is given by (Ip/IB) X B’, where Ip and IB are observed peak and background counts and B’, the normalization factor, is the background in the desired matrix. After blank corrections, the relation between the concentration and the intensity is IN = kC (for low concentrations), log IN = a log C (for intermediate concentrations), and log IN = a log C -b(log C)2 (for high concentrations), except when B’ is too small or too large. Adjustment of B’ is equivalent to altering experimental conditions. The second-degree curve can also be linearized by plotting log IN = log IN + b(log C)2 versus log C, or (log IN/ log C) versus log C. Analysis can be done by evaluating a and b from two standards and solving for log C. Transformation of this second-degree equation to the Siedel-Lomakin type of curve, the use of x-ray fluorescence as an absolute method of analysis without standards, with only the unknown sample and two dilutions, and the modification of influence coefficient method of Rasberry and Heinrich to a binary form consisting of only the element of interest and the matrix, all showed that such a unified approach enables analysis of all types of samples with standards in any available matrix.
