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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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New coolants, new fuels: A new generation of university reactors
Here’s an easy way to make aging U.S. power reactors look relatively youthful: Compare them (average age: 43) with the nation’s university research reactors. The 25 operating today have been licensed for an average of about 58 years.
Rajiv Kohli
Nuclear Technology | Volume 47 | Number 3 | March 1980 | Pages 477-484
Technical Paper | Material | doi.org/10.13182/NT80-A32402
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The oxidation kinetics of three zirconium alloys (Zr—2.2 wt% Hf, Zr—2.5 wt% Nb, and Zr— 3 wt% Nb—1 wt% Sn) have been measured in flowing carbon dioxide in the temperature range from 873 to 1173 K to 120 ks (2000 min). At all oxidation temperatures, Zr—2.5 Nb and Zr—3 Nb—1 Sn showed a transition to rapid linear kinetics after initial parabolic oxidation. The Zr—2.2Hf showed this transition at temperatures in the range from 973 to 1173 K; at 873 K, no transition was observed within the oxidation times reported. The Zr—2.2 Hf showed the smallest weight gains, followed in order by Zr—2.5Nb and Zr—3 Nb—1 Sn. Increased oxidation rates and shorter times-to-rate-transition of Zr—2.2 Nb and Zr—1 Sn as compared with Zr—2.2 Hf can be attributed to the presence of niobium, tin, and hafnium in the alloys. This is considered in terms of the Nomura-Akutsu model, according to which hafnium should delay the rate transition, while niobium and tin lead to shorter times-to-rate-transition. The scale on Zr—2.2 Hf was identified as monoclinic zirconia, while the tetragonal phase, 6ZrO2·Nb2O5, was contained in the monoclinic zirconia scales on both other alloys.