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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
W. N. Rankin, J. A. Kelley
Nuclear Technology | Volume 41 | Number 3 | December 1978 | Pages 373-380
Technical Paper | Radioactive Waste | doi.org/10.13182/NT78-A32121
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Metal oxide precipitates (primarily iron oxide compounds) will form in the glass matrix of some compositions of vitrified nuclear waste, during cooling of the melt, whenever solubility limits are exceeded. These precipitates, containing part of the cesium and strontium radionuclides from the waste, are more resistant to leaching by water than the as-cast glass matrix. Some of the glass matrix compositions devitrify during heating for 1 month at 600°C with the formation of equal amounts of NaAlSiO4 (nepheline or carnegieite) and (Ca, Mn) (Mg, Fe, Mn) Si2O6, plus a small amount of Ca4Fe14O25. The leachability of devitrified glass can be up to 100 times greater than the leachability of as-cast glass. The appearance and structure of the metal oxide precipitates are unaffected by the temperature conditions that caused devitrification of the glass matrix. The metal oxide precipitate particles are less leachable in water than any of the phases in the devitrified matrix.