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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
N. J. Olson, C. M. Walter, W. N. Beck
Nuclear Technology | Volume 28 | Number 1 | January 1976 | Pages 134-151
Technical Paper | Fuels for Pulsed Reactor / Fule | doi.org/10.13182/NT76-A31547
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A reasonably large number (39) of Mark-IA driver fuel cladding failures have been obtained from run-to-failure experiments in the Experimental Breeder Reactor II over the past few years. These experiments were designed to yield failure information for various design variables and to qualify the fuel element design to a burnup limit such that the risk of an end-of-design-life failure was exceedingly small for normal operating conditions. None of the design variables or operating conditions tested had a significant effect on the failure statistics. The failure mode fit the Weibull statistical failure model and is characterized by a burnup threshold of 3.0 at.% maximum burnup (BUmax), which must be surpassed prior to failure. The cumulative failure probability [F(BUmax)] for peak linear pin powers between 6.4 and 8.0 kW/ft and maximum cladding temperatures from 890 to 1050°F can be expressed as Once 3.0 at.% BUmax is achieved, it was also found experimentally that the failure rate could be decreased over a small burnup interval by lowering the power ratings. The Type 304L stainless-steel cladding in-reactor fracture mode for the Mark-IA driver fuel elements is characterized by inter granular crack propagation that originates at the outside surface of the cladding. This mode of failure appears to be assisted by stress corrosion and potentially deleterious grain boundary precipitation. Although the fracture mode is brittle in nature, uniform mechanical hoop strains >1% are achieved prior to failure.